author : Christopher G. Langton

Contents

• Howard H. Pattee.

Simulations, Realizations, and Theories of Life

Many of the controversies in AI result from the multiple use of computation as a conceptual theory, as an empirical tool, as simulation, and as realization of thought. AL models will have to make these distinctions.

... it was also clear that the environment was too simple to produce interesting emergent behaviour.

• Christopher G. Langton.

Artificial Life

updated in The Philosophy of Artificial Life

• Richard Laing.

Artificial Organisms: History, Problems, and Directions

• Steen Rasmussen.

Towards a Quantitiative Theory of the Origin of Life

• Pablo Tamayo, Hyman Hartman.

Cellular Automata, Reaction-Diffusion Systems, and the Origin of Life

• Milan Zeleny, George J. Klir, Kevin D. Hufford.

Precipitation Membranes, Osmotic Growths, and Synthetic Biology

• Norman H. Packard.

Evolving Bugs in a Simulated Ecosystem

• Stewart W. Wilson.

The Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Evolution

• Hans Moravec.

Human Culture: A Genetic Takeover Underway

• Richard Dawkins.

The Evolution of Evolvability. 1989

• Aristid Lindenmayer, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz.

Developmental Models of Multicellular Organisms: A Computer Graphics Perspective

• Peter Oppenheimer.

The Artificial Menagerie

• Charles E. Taylor, David R. Jefferson, Scott R. Turner, Seth R. Goldman.

RAM: Artificial Life for the Exploration of Complex Biological Systems

• Paulien Hogeweg.

Mirror Beyond Mirror: Puddles of Life

• Narendra S. Goel, Richard L. Thompson.

Movable Finite Automata (MFA): A New Tool for Computer Modelling of Living Systems

• Marek W. Lugowski.

Computational Metabolism: Towards Biological Geometries for Computing

• Harold C. Morris.

Typogenetics: A Logic for Artificial Life

• Mitchel Resnick.

Lego, Logo, and Life

• Bill Coderre.

Modeling Behavior in Petworld

• Michael Travers.

Animal Construction Kits

• Conrad Schneiker.

Nanotechnology with Feynman Machines: Scanning Tunneling Engineering and Artificial Life

• K. Eric Drexler.

Biological and Nanomechanical Systems: Contrasts in Evolving Capacity

• Stuart R. Hameroff, Steen Rasmussen, Bengt Mansson.

Molecular Automata in Microtubules: Basic Computaional Logic of the Living State?

• Valentino Braitenberg.

Some Types of Movements

• Christopher G. Langton, et al..

Annotated Bibliography of Literature in the Field of Artificial Life

• Aristid Lindenmayer, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz.

Annotated Bibliography of Plant Modeling and Growth Simulation

The papers are gathered under the following headings: • Overview • Origin/Self-Organization • Evolutionary Dynamics • Development • Learning and Evolution • Computation • Philosophy/Emergence • The Future

Contents

• Thomas S. Ray.

An Approach to the Synthesis of Life

A description of his virtual Tierra environment, for studying artificial open-ended evolution

• Christopher G. Langton.

Introduction to Artificial Life II

• Charles E. Taylor.

"Fleshing Out" Artificial Life II

• Christopher G. Langton.

Life at the Edge of Chaos

• Richard J. Bagley, J. Doyne Farmer.

Spontaneous Emergence of a Metabolism

• Richard J. Bagley, J. Doyne Farmer, Walter Fontana.

Evolution of a Metabolism

• Walter Fontana.

Algorithmic Chemistry

• Steen Rasmussen, Carsten Knudsen, Rasmus Feldberg.

Dynamics of Programmable Matter

• Maarten Boerlijst, Paulien Hogeweg.

Self-Structuring and Selection: Spiral Waves as a Substrate for Prebiotic Evolution

• Peter Schuster.

Complex Optimization in an Artificial RNA World

• Kristian Lindgren.

Evolutionary Phenomena in Simple Dynamics

• W. Daniel Hillis.

Co-Evolving Parasites Improve Simulated Evolution as an Optimization Procedure. 1990

• Stuart A. Kauffman, Sonke Johnson.

Co-Evolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Co-Evolutionary Avalanches

• David G. Stork, Bernie Jackson, Scott Walker.

"Non-Optimality" via Pre-Adaptation in Simple Neural Systems

• Mark A. Bedau, Norman H. Packard.

Measurement of Evolutionary Activity, Teleology, and Life

• Martin J. de Boer, F. David Fracchia, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz.

Analysis and Simulation of the Development of Cellular Layers

• David H. Ackley, Michael L. Littman.

Interactions Between Learning and Evolution

• Richard K. Belew, John McInerney, Nicol N. Schraudolph.

Evolving Networks: Using the Genetic Algorithm with Connectionist Learning

• David R. Jefferson, Robert J. Collins, Claus Cooper, Michael Dyer, Margot Flowers, Richard Korf, Charles E. Taylor, Alan Wang.

Evolution as a Theme in Artificial Life: The Genesys/Tracker System

• Robert J. Collins, David R. Jefferson.

AntFarm: Towards Simulated Evolution

• John R. Koza.

Genetic Evolution and Co-Evolution of Computer Programs

• Bruce J. MacLennan.

Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication

• Gregory M. Werner, Michael G. Dyer.

Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms

• Edwin Hutchins, Brian Hazlehurst.

Learning in the Cultural Process

• Alvy Ray Smith.

Simple Nontrivial Self-Reproducing Machines

• Eugene H. Spafford.

Computer Viruses--A Form of Artificial Life?

• Elliott Sober.

Learning from Functionalism--Prospects for Strong Artificial Life

• Steen Rasmussen.

Aspects of Information, Life, Reality, and Physics

• Peter Cariani.

Emergence and Artificial Life

• Louis Bec.

Elements d'Epistemologie Fabulatoire

[in French]

• J. Doyne Farmer, Alletta d'A. Belin.

Artificial Life: The Coming Evolution

Contents

• Erik Schultes.

An Instance of a Replicator

• David H. Ackley, Michael L. Littman.

A Case for Lamarckian Evolution

• Per Bak, Henrik Flyvbjerg, Benny Lathrup.

Evolution and Coevolution in a Rugged Fitness Landscape

• Kunihiko Kaneko, Junji Suzuki.

Evolution to the Edge of Chaos in an Imitation Game

• Peter J. Angeline, Jordan B. Pollack.

Coevolving High-Level Representations

• Kristian Lindgren, Mats G. Nordahl.

Artificial Food Webs

• Alan R. Johnson.

Evolution of a Size-Structured, Predator-Prey Community

• E. Ann Stanley, Dan Ashlock, Leigh Tesfatsion.

Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Choice and Refusal of Partners

• Yukihiko Toquenaga, Masanori Ichinose, Tsutomu Hoshino, Koichi Fujii.

Contest and Scramble Competitions in an Artificial World Genetic Analysis with Genetic Algorithms

• J. Stephen Lansing, James N. Kremer.

Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape

• John R. Koza.

Artificial Life: Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating and Evolutionary Self-Improving Computer Programs

• Larry Yaeger.

Computational Genetics, Physiology, Metabolism, Neural Systems, Learning, Vision, and Behavior or PolyWorld: Life in a New Context

• Craig W. Reynolds.

An Evolved, Vision-Based Model of Obstacle Avoidance Behavior

• David Zeltzer, Michael McKenna.

Simulation of Autonomous Legged Locomotion

• Johndale C. Solem.

The Motility of Microrobots

• Harold J. Morowitz.

Artificial Biochemistry, Life Before Enzymes

• Kurt Fleischer, Alan H. Barr.

A Simulation Testbed for the Study of Multicellular Development: The Multiple Mechanisms of Morphogenesis

• Mark M. Millonas.

Swarms, Phase Transitions, and Collective Intelligence

• Jeffrey O. Kephart.

How Topology Affects Population Dynamics

• Andrew Wuensche.

The Ghost in the Machine

• Carlo C. Maley.

The Computational Completeness of Ray's Tierran Assembly Language

• Nils A. Baas.

Emergence, Hierarchies, and Hyperstructures

• Stevan Harnad.

Artificial Life: Synthetic vs. Virtual

• Claus Emmeche.

Is Life as a Multiverse Phenomenon?

• Brian L. Keeley.

Against the Global Replacement: On the Application of the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence to Artificial Life

[reprint of the first 3 issues of the journal Artificial Life, 1993/1994]

Contents

• Charles E. Taylor, David R. Jefferson.

Artificial Life as a Tool for Biological Inquiry

• Kristian Lindgren, Mats G. Nordahl.

Cooperation and Community Structure in Artificial Ecosystems

• Peter Schuster.

Extended Molecular Evolutionary Biology: Artificial Life Bridging the Gap Between Chemistry and Biology

• Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz.

Visual Models of Morphogenesis

• Luc Steels.

The Artificial Life Roots of Artificial Intelligence

• Michael G. Dyer.

Toward Synthesizing Artificial Neural Networks that Exhibit Cooperative Intelligent Behavior: Some Open Issues in Artificial Life

• Pattie Maes.

Modeling Adaptive Autonomous Agents

• Kunihiko Kaneko.

Chaos as a Source of Complexity and Diversity in Evolution

• Thomas S. Ray.

An Evolutionary Approach to Synthetic Biology: Zen and the Art of Creating Life

• Walter Fontana, Gilmer Wagner, Leo W. Buss.

Beyond Digital Naturalism

• Mitchel Resnick.

Learning About Life

• David G. Stork.

Books on Artificial Life and Related Topics

• Eugene H. Spafford.

Computer Viruses as Artificial Life

• Melanie Mitchell, Stephanie Forrest.

Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Life

• Daniel C. Dennett.

Artificial Life as Philosophy. 1994

In this manifesto in the first issue of the Artificial Life journal, Dennett explains why the study of Artificial Life is important as a new philosophical method.

• Stevan Hamad.

Levels of Functional Equivalence in Reverse Bioengineering

• Eric W. Bonabeau, Guy Theraulaz.

Why Do We Need Artificial Life?

Contents

• Arthur W. Burks.

Creative Uses of Logic in the Invention of the Electronic Computer

• Koji Ikuta.

3D-Micro Integrated Fluidic System toward Living LSI

• Marvin L. Minsky.

How Computer Science will Change Our Lives

• Hirofumi Miura, Takashi Yasuda, Yayoi Kubo Fujisawa, Yoshihiko Kuwana, Shoji Takeuchi, Isao Shimoyama.

Insect-Model Based Microrobot

• Shouji Tatsukawa.

Old Japanese Robot (Karakuri-Ningyo)

• Owen E. Holland.

Grey Walter: The Pioneer of Real Artificial Life

• Olivier Beuret, Marco Tomassini.

Behaviour of Multiple Generalized Langton's Ants

• Hiroshi Yokoi, Takafumi Mizuno, Masatoshi Takita, Jun Hakura, Yukinori Kakazu.

Amoeba Like Self-Organization Model Using Vibrating Potential Field

• Owen E. Holland, Chris R. Melhuish.

Getting the Most from the Least: Lessons for the Nanoscale from Minimal Mobile Agents

• Mari Nakamura, Koichi Kurumatani.

Formation Mechanism of Pheromone Pattern and Control of Foraging Behavior in an Ant Colony Model

• Lawrence Bull, Terence C. Fogarty.

Horizontal Gene Transfer in Endosymbiosis

• Gregory M. Werner.

Why the Peacock's Tail is so Short: Limits to Sexual Selection

• Jordan B. Pollack, Alan D. Blair, Mark Land.

Coevolution of a Backgammon Player

• Atsushi Shinjoh, Masanao Takeyama.

Spatial Analysis of Artificial World

• Hideaki Suzuki.

Functional Emergence with Multiple von Neumann Computers

• David H. Ackley.

ccr: A Network of Worlds for Research

• Nuno Gracias, Henrique Pereira, Jose Allen Lima, Agostinho Rosa.

Gaia: An Artificial Life Environment for Ecological Systems Simulation

• Hansrudi Noser, Igor Sunday Pandzic, Tolga K. Capin, Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, Daniel Thalmann.

Playing Games through the Virtual Life Network

• Naoko Tosa, Ryohei Nakatsu.

The Esthetics of Artificial Life: Human-Like Communication Character, "MIC" & Feeling Improvisation Character, "MUSE"

• Luigi Pagliarini, Henrik Hautop Lund, Orazio Miglino, Domenico Parisi.

Artificial Life: A New Way to Build Educational and Therapeutic Games

• Yoichiro Kawaguchi.

The Art of the GROWTH Algorithm with Cells

• Christa Sommerer, Laurent Mignonneau.

"A-Volve" an Evolutionary Artificial Life Environment

• Luc Steels.

Self-Organizing Vocabularies

• Akira Ito.

How do Selfish Agents Learn to Cooperate?

• Eizo Akiyama, Kunihiko Kaneko.

Evolution of Communication and Strategies in an Iterated Three-Person Game

• Bruno Beaufils, Jean-Paul Delahaye, Philippe Mathieu.

Our Meeting with Gradual: A Good Strategy for the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

• Hitoshi Hemmi, Jun'ichi Mizoguchi, Katsunori Shimohara.

Evolving Large Scale Digital Circuits

• Hiroaki Kitano.

Towards Evolvable Electro-Biochemical Systems

• Kurt Fleischer.

Investigations with a Multicellular Developmental Model

• Akira Onitsuka, Jari Vaario, Kanji Ueda.

Structural Formation by Enhanced Diffusion Limited Aggregation Model

• Jari Vaario, Naoko Ogata, Katsunori Shimohara.

Synthesis of Environment Directed and Genetic Growth

• Federico Moran, Alvaro Moreno, Eric Minch, Francisco Montero.

Further Steps towards a Realistic Description of the Essence of Life

• Brian L. Keeley.

Evaluating Artificial Life and Artificial Organisms

• Kanji Ueda.

Differentiation of the Realms of Artifacts and Information: How does it Relate to Parts/Whole and InŽside/Outside?

• Jan T. Kim.

Distance Distribution Complexity: A Measure for the Structured Diversity of Evolving Populations

• Peter M. Todd, Geoffrey F. Miller.

Biodiversity through Sexual Selection

• Yukihiko Toquenaga, Takuya Saruwatari, Tsutomu Hoshino.

Repairing Genetic Algorithm and Diversity in Artificial Ecosystems

• C. Ilia Herraiz, J. J. Merelo, Sergio Olmeda, A. Prieto.

An Individual-Based Model that Reproduces Natural Distribution of Species Abundance and Diversity

• Masayuki Inaba, Satoshi Kagami, Fumio Kanehiro, Kenichiro Nagasaka, Hirochika Inoue.

Mother Operations to Evolve Embodied Robots Based on the Remote-Brained Approach

• John R. Koza, Forrest H. Bennett III, David Andre, Martin A. Keane.

Toward Evolution of Electronic Animals Using Genetic Programming

• Henrik Hautop Lund, Domenico Parisi.

Generalist and Specialist Behavior due to Individual Energy Extracting Abilities

• Demetri Terzopoulos, Tamer Rabie, Radek Grzeszczuk.

Perception and Learning in Artificial Animals

• Fuminori Saito, Toshio Fukuda.

First Result of the Brachiator III - A New Brachiation Robot Modeled on a Siamang

• Kazuo Hosokawa, Isao Shimoyama, Hirofumi Miura.

Self-Assembling Microstructures

• Yoshihiko Kuwana, Isao Shimoyama, Yushi Sayama, Hirofumi Miura.

A Robot that Behaves like a Silkworm Moth in the Pheromone Stream

• Christian M. Reidys, Stephan Kopp, Peter Schuster.

Evolutionary Optimization of Biopolymers and Sequence Structure Maps

• John Carnahan, Song-gang Li, Carlo Costantini, Yeya T. Toure, Charles E. Taylor.

Computer Simulation of Dispersal by Anopheles Gambiae in West Africa

• H. Ohtake, T. Yako, T. Tsuji, J. Kato, A. Kuroda, M. Kaneko.

An Approach to Molecular Artificial Life: Bacterial Intelligent Behavior and its Computer Model

• Tetsuya Yomo, Toshiyuki Habu, Shiro Soga, Tomoaki Matsuura, Yasufumi Shima, Itaru Urabe.

In Vitro Self-Replication System as a Minimum Set of Life

• Yasuhiro Kikuchi, Hirofumi Doi.

Simulating Evolution of the Vitality by the Biased Mutation Model

• Mikael Cronhjort, Clas Blomberg.

Chasing: A Mechanism for Resistance against Parasites in Self-Replicating Systems

• Shinichiro Yoshii, Hiroaki Inayoshi, Yukinori Kakazu.

Atomoid: A New Prospect in Reaction-Formation System Spontaneous Hypercycles Guided by Dissipative Structural Properties

• Takashi Ikegami, Takashi Hashimoto.

Replication and Diversity in Machine-Tape Coevolutionary Systems

• Tomoyuki Yamamoto, Kunihiko Kaneko.

Igniting the Cycle of Creation - An Approach to Create Metabolism with Tile Automaton

• Tsutomu Hoshino, Masahiro Tsuchida.

Manifestation of Neutral Genes in Evolving Robot Navigation

• Christian V. Forst, Christian M. Reidys.

On Evolutionary Dynamics

• Johan Chu, Christoph Adami.

Propagation of Information in Populations of Self-Replicating Code

• Sobei H. Oda, Ken Miura, Kanji Ueda.

The Application of Cellular Automata to Network Externalities in Consumer's Theory: A Generalisation of Life Game

• Edward A. Rietman.

Modelling Nanoscale Phenomena with Cellular Automata: Some Chemical-Physics Observations

• Kenichi Morita, Katsunobu Imai.

A Simple Self-Reproducing Cellular Automaton with Shape-Encoding Mechanism

• Hugues Bersini.

Frustration and Clustering in Biological Networks

• J. N. Yoshimoto.

Dynamical Networks which Depend on Each Other

• David Andre, Forrest H. Bennett III, John R. Koza.

Evolution of Intricate Long-Distance Communication Signals in Cellular Automata Using Genetic Programming

• Yasuhiro Suzuki, Shusaku Tsumoto, Hiroshi Tanaka.

Analysis of Cycles in Symbolic Chemical System Based on Abstract Rewriting System on Multisets