Books

Books : reviews

Neil V. Smith, Deirdre Wilson.
Modern Linguistics: the results of Chomsky's revolution.
1979

Neil V. Smith.
The Twitter Machine: reflections on language.
Blackwell. 1989

rating : 3 : worth reading

p29. The advance in the perihelion of Mercury, first discovered in 1845, was an anomaly for Newtonian physics and a challenge to the ingenuity of astronomers. It only became evidence against the Newtonian theory with the advent of Einstein's general theory of relativity, which predicted precisely such an advance. Puzzling or exceptional data by themselves do not falsify a theory; they do that only when they are seen to follow from an alternative theory whose explanatory power is elsewhere as great.

Neil V. Smith, Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli.
The Mind of a Savant: language, learning and modularity.
Blackwell. 1995

rating : 3.5 : worth reading
review : 31 December 2001

Christopher is an intriguing subject for linguists and cognitive scientists. He is severely retarded in many areas, yet has some amazing linguistic skills. His first language, English, is excellent, except for "difficult" cases where there is "cognitive overload", such as for garden path sentences or recursive sentences that require heavy processing, or tasks needing a "theory of mind", or jokes. His skill in other languages is impressive. He learns them with remarkable speed, and can develop an excellent vocabulary and grasp of morphology (agreements in number and gender, for example), although his grammar is not so good, being influenced by his English grammar.

The authors have closely studied Christopher over several years, in an attempt to understand the "modules" that language and mind might be divided into. In particular, they have tried to clarify the scope and roles of vocabulary and syntax "modules". As part of this exercise, they closely studied the languages Christopher already knew, getting him to judge the grammatical correctness of sentences, to produce grammatical sentences, and to translate between languages.

They taught him a new language: Berber. This is a verb-subject-object (VSO) order language that also allows a SVO order. Christopher consistently produces Berber sentences in English-like SVO order, but allows VSO examples to be grammatical. This implies his grammar production is strongly English-influenced, but that his encyclopedic knowledge of language examples allows recognition of the VSO.

As a further test, they also taught him Epun: an invented "impossible" language. ("Impossible" in the sense that no known language exhibits the features, and that the features are deemed impossible by the theory of language being tested.) As a control they taught same material to four first-year linguistics students, to see if their "pattern matching intelligence" could make up for the inability of their "language module". Christopher was enthusiastic about learning it, his 20th language. Again, results imply his recognition is better than his production. The impossibilities included

Despite the authors' comment in their preface that "It is intended that the book be accessible to as wide an audience as possible ... [including] the proverbial general reader", this is not light read, and frankly I doubt whether many general readers will have the depth of knowledge of linguistic terms freely used to appreciate all the evidence and arguments. I was forced to skim large sections. Despite this, I came away with a vivid impression of Christopher, his linguistic skills, and some of the conclusions drawn from the authors' careful experiments. This work clearly demonstrates how complex a phenomenon intelligence is, and how separate some parts of language skills are from what we think of as "intelligence", and how dependent other parts are on it.

Worth the skimming.

The authors' studies of Christopher continue. A note on the Web states: Together with Professor Bencie Woll, of City University, London, we are immersed in a three year project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, teaching [Christopher] British Sign Language (BSL).