Books

Books : reviews

Heinz von Foerster, James W. Beauchamp.
Music by Computers.
Wiley. 1969

Since the 18th Century, the octave of the musical scale has been divided into precisely 12 intervals. The number 12 has nothing to offer to make it preferable over any other number, except that the 12-tone scale happens to give good approximations for the Pythagorean intervals 3/2 and 5/4. However, it can be shown that an 18-tone scale gives much better approximations for these intervals. Accepting the possibilities of extensions in sounds and scales, how does one determine the new rules of synchronism and succession?

It is at this point, where the complexity of the problem appears to go out of hand, that computers come to our aid. These are not to be regarded merely as ancillary tools but as essential components in the complex process of generating auditory signals that fulfill a variety of new principles of a generalized aesthetics.

This important new book—the only one of its kind presently available—focuses on three aspects in the use of computers in generating music.

First, computer hardware and software for implementing the generation of sounds are discussed under the heading Systems and Programs. Second, the versatility of digital computers in exploring rules of succession and synchronism is demonstrated in the section, Composition. Finally, the problem of judgment entering perception—i.e., what is “beautiful” and what is “ugly” or, to put it into information theoretical terms: what distinguishes signal from noise is taken up in the section, Aesthetics.

At the end of the book, the reader may turn into a listener. A pocket of the back cover contains four high fidelity records of all the examples mentioned in the text which allow the testing of the presented theories to skeptics and enthusiasts alike.